UNIKE Mobility report. The mobile academic. A surevey of mobility among Marie Curie PhD fellows

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Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows about whether they had postponed having children due to mobility during their doctoral education. Howev er, among the fellows who were either in relationships, married or divorced, more than 30 replied that they had postponed having children to a high or very high extent due mobility in their doctoral training. Figure 49 Postpone having children due to mobility crossed with family situation Have you felt pressured to postpone having children due to mobility in your doctoral training? Chart percentage for the total numbers rounded down: Not at all 36.1; To some extent 20.2; To a high extent 11.4; To a very high extent 15.0; Not applicable 17.3. Several fellows explained in the interviews their reasons for postponing having children. A fellow from Co lombia, who had recently completed her PhD, explained how she and her boyfriend decided to postpone having children until they both completed their doctoral degrees: Interviewer: PhD fellow: Have you postponed having children until you have both finished your PhD? Yeah, one of the reasons is because it can be a bit complicated. I mean its not impossible. If you want it, you can do whatever this is not an excuse, lets say. If you really want to have kids at any moment of your life, you can always do it and try to make things work out. But we decided to do so because my partner also supported in my Italy trip, so he also wants his time and his space and a similar opportunity (...) This is sort of an agreement that we did. (Former Marie SkłodowskaCurie doctoral fellow from Colombia in Italy) A fellow who had become a parent during her PhD explained in an interview how she experienced that she was discouraged from having children during the Marie SkłodowskaCurie doctoral fellowship: PhD fellow: If you get pregnant that means you have more expenses but the same money the income during the Marie SkłodowskaCurie fellowship (...) The very fact that everyone is young and has less responsibilities, no family obligations, makes you feel very much like an outlier case (...) It does take a lot of courage to sit in a seminar and listen to the professor while youre breastfeeding, or for example to speak up at one of the annual meetings to discuss the fu ture of the project if you have a child sitting on your lap playing (...) I always saw how much other people were making progress and in this way I would say its discouraged because I kind of knew that it would mean that I would be slower, I would have to work harder and I also feel more obliged to show that I can live up to the standards. I feel like I cant be the last Page 76 Working Papers on University Reform Working Paper 25: The mobile academic A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows By Lisbeth Kristine Walakira and Susan Wright UNIKE Universities in the Knowledge Economy May 2017 Working Papers on University Reform Series Editor: Susan Wright This working paper series brings together work in progress in Denmark and among an inter- national network of scholars involved in research on universities and higher education. The full list of working papers can be found at http://edu The mobile academic A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Im like a snail, I have everything with me, my entire house with me, I cannot leave anything behind (...) I needed to transfer myself com- pletely 100 (...) so this was quite challenging -Marie Skłodowska-Curie do The mobile academic A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Author: Lisbeth Kristine Walakira and Susan Wright Published by: UNIKE, Danish School of Education, Aarhus University Place of publication: Copenhagen 2017, the authors 1. Edition ISBN: 978-87-7684-657-2 Acknowle Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Contents Acknowledgements 3 Executive Summary 7 Definitions of mobility in this report Methodology Main findings 7 7 8 1. Introduc Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 4. Geographical mobility 23 4.1. Country of host institution during doctoral fellowship 4.2. Nationalities 4.3. Experiences of mo Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 8. Overall motives for mobility 65 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. Academic motives Personal motives Conclusion 65 65 68 9. Consequences and effe Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Executive Summary This report is an outcome of the UNIKE project (Universities in the Knowledge Economy), which is an EU funded proj Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Main findings The respondents overall said that they considered themselves to be privileged in having a Marie Skłodow skaCurie doctor Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 1. Introduction This report is an outcome of a survey about mobility among doctoral fellows produced in the UNIKE pro ject 1 . UNIK Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 1.3. EU policy developments on mobility in doctoral education Pavel Zgaga, Professor of Philosophy of Education at the Faculty of Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows (...) it is important that there should be national and institutional policies comprehending the full range of research objectives i Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows As explained by Zgaga, the London Communiqué in 2007 made a visionary statement about the establish ment of a European Higher Educati Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 1.4. Earlier reports on mobility among doctoral holders A review of reports on doctoral education was conducted to identif Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows The European Council of Doctoral Candidates and Junior Researchers (EURODOC) conducted a survey in 20082011 and publishe Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 2. Methodology 2.1. Survey population The survey was designed to target previous and current Marie SkłodowskaCurie doctoral candidat Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows clearly formulated, how respondents perceived the options for answers, and how userfriendly they found the questionnaire system. The Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows introduction asking coordinators to forward the questionnaire invitation to all present and former Marie SkłodowskaCuri Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Seven interviewers, who were part of the research team, performed interviews. Each member interviewed between one and four Marie Skło Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 3. Profile of respondents The data in this report relies on the responses from 3,410 former or current doctoral candidates under Ma Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 3.3. Respondents type of Marie Skłodowska-Curie fellowship 99 of the respondents had taken part in an ITN (Innovative Trai Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 37 of male respondents were within Engineering and Technology, whereas the same only accounted for 20 of the female respondents. In Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Taking into account that 68 of the respondents to the questionnaire had not finished their fellowship (as stated in section 3.2 Compl Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 4. Geographical mobility Interviewer: What were the effects on your personal life to move to another country to start the fellowshi Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 4.3. Experiences of moving to host country By comparing nationalities of fellows and host countries, we understand that most fellows Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Interviewer: PhD fellow: Interviewer: PhD fellow: How did you feel moving to another country? How did this affect your personal life Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows PhD fellow: Interviewer: PhD fellow: Interviewer: PhD fellow: Several things made me apply for this job the money is really good and Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 4.4. Visits to other countries during doctoral education 55 of doctoral fellows answered yes to having had visits of more than two w Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 4.4.1. Countries being visited during doctoral education Respondents showed that Germany was the most visited country during their do Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 74 stated that a period abroad was a mandatory part of their doctoral education. 15 said that a period abroad was not mandatory in t Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Figure 11 Negative aspects as a result of periods of mobility Did you encounter problems with any of the following due to periods of Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Figure 12 Difficulties in visa procedures Did you encounter any difficulties obtaining visas? Chart percentage rounded up: Yes 10.5 Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows questionnaire mainly explained as lack of information from the host university, a strained relationship be tween nation states or an Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows and they can be much easier, nevertheless, each embassy has their own requirements, which are changing within the application proces Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows dence permit procedures to be an issue. Requirements to meet visa criteria is reported by 27, and 19 reported issues of travel and ac Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows basis. His example displays how insecure career prospects as well as continuous and extensive periods of geographical mobility ca Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows For the 8 experiencing difficulties in making arrangement for their close family members, Figure 18 shows that the most significant o Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows cates that many Marie SkłodowskaCurie doctoral candidates find it hard to navigate the national and transnational rule Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows career in relation to job opportunities for permanent employment, whereas fewer people experienced dis advantages in terms of social Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows In the question about what determines where someone feels most at home, most respondents placed fami ly and friends as the key facto Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows For the people who replied yes, their explanations are mainly in relation to job insecurity and lack of profes sional recognition, a Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Also here, respondents report that job insecurity is a major factor affecting their personal lives. Considera tions of pension rules Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows years. In case of nonavailability of prestigious grants in the host country, mobility to other countries is extremely l Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Figure 28 Number of countries lived in after completion of fellowship You have indicated that you moved to yet another country after Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows (away from the host country) during doctoral training. Of these, 38 had stays in another country of 36 months durati Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows quences were mainly in relation to job insecurity, lack of professional recognition, tax, and health insurance complications. 12 sta Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 5. Intersectoral mobility 51 of fellows who had completed their PhD and 73 of fellows who had not yet completed their PhD stat ed tha Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Figure 30 Types of intersectoral collaborations The intersectoral collaboration included...: (Multiple choices possible) A signifi Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows More than 400 doctoral fellows described the positive gains from their intersectoral mobility, which can be summedup as follows: Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 5.2. Negative aspects of intersectoral collaboration For the 15 who reported experiencing negative aspects of their intersectoral co Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Several fellows problematized that that there was no clear agreement on the collaboration between their host university and their sec Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows PhD fellow: 5.3. (...) If I arrive in a new place, I need the chemical materials and physically they tend to take time to be deliver Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Another fellow explained his reasons for not doing a secondment during his doctoral fellowship: PhD fellow: (...) The issue with thi Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows fellow explained how the planning of his secondment had affected his family life. During his fellowship he had married and the coupl Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 6. Interdisciplinary mobility 57 of fellows who had completed their fellowship and 62 of those who were yet to complete had collab or Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows New knowledge from other disciplines Understanding different approaches New data Larger scientific network Improved communi Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 6.2. Negative aspects of intersectoral collaboration One the most positive findings in the survey was that 92 of Marie SkłodowskaCuri Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Interviewer: PhD fellow: and how to design good experiments (...) So it was challenging to keep up with those people, but I learned Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 6.4. Conclusion The findings regarding interdisciplinary collaborations are very similar to the findings about intersecto Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 7. Social mobility Social mobility is in this survey used to get an insight into doctoral fellows educational level compared to thei Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Only 4 of respondents replied that the highest education of their mother was a doctoral degree. 8 of respondents ans Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows respect when you have international experience, especially when youre not only studying but also working. I have three ye Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows across the ocean, and one of the main reasons that Im moving back to Europe is actually the proximity and communication with my famil Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 7.4. Importance of ranking and reputation of host institution For 65 of fellows, the ranking of the host institution was a fairly im Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows PhD fellow: 7.5. For me its not so much important whether its a topranked university where I work, but more whether th Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 8. Overall motives for mobility 8.1. Academic motives Regarding doctoral fellows motives for being mobile both in terms of moving t Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Figure 40 Motives for mobility build up personal and professional network Chart percentage rounded up: Not important at all 1.77; F Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Figure 42 Motives for mobility career plans of partner or family member vs. family situation How important were the following Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows abroad you have passed through it, its ups and downs; so one day is wonderful and the next day you just hate it (...) So I think that Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 9. Consequences and effects of mobility The following results are not connected to a specific type of mobility, but are answers rela Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 9.2. Integration in host country One of the positive findings in the survey was the fact that 70 of doctoral fellows Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows countries during the programme. After the completion of his master, he moved to yet another European country to start Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Figure 46 Integration into host university Chart percentage rounded down: Not at all 8.2; To some extent 37.1; To a high extent 40.2 Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Interviewer: PhD fellow: OK, so it wasnt necessarily because it the assistance was institutionalised but more be cause you were buil Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows A fellow said in an interview that his integration at the host institution was quite successful and as a result he had adapted some o Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Figure 47 Change in host institution due to fellow's presence How do you think your host university has changed as a result of your Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows about whether they had postponed having children due to mobility during their doctoral education. Howev er, among the fellows who wer Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows one to hand in the PhD thesis because then everyone can say ah see, shes not managing (...) I always try not to disappoint people: m Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows A fellow expressed her overall mobility experiences during her doctoral training as follows: PhD fellow: When you do such a Marie Skł Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows ed at all into their host university. Quite disappointingly, 42 replied that they did not believe their host instit Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows 10. Conclusion Overall, Marie SkłodowskaCurie doctoral fellows enjoyed many benefits from periods of geographical, in tersectoral and Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows in one country, where he/she was categorised as student, yet doing his/her secondment within a company in another country in which t Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows References Auriol, L., M. Misu and R. A. Freeman. 2013. Careers of doctorate holders: analysis of labour market and mobility indicato Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Marie Curie Alumni Association. 2016. Website retrieved on 15 August 2016 at https://www.mariecuriealumni.eu/ Vigh, Henrik E. 2009. Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows List of figures Figure 1 Overall status of questionnaire completion _____________________________________________________ 19 Figure 2 Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Figure 44 Improved factors due to periods of mobility ___________________________________________________ 69 Figure 45 Challenges of Working Papers on University Reform no. 25 Lisbeth Walakira and Susan Wright: The mobile academic -A survey of mobility among Marie Skłodowska-Curie doctoral fellows Appendix 1 Invitation letter to survey Page 86 Working Papers on University Reform 1. Setting Universities Free? The background to the self-ownership of Danish Universities, Jakob W illiams Ørberg, July 2006. 2. Trust in Universities - Parliamentary debates on the 2003 university law, Jakob Williams Ørberg, October 2006. 3. Histories of RUC - Ro