l l fishermen leaders and fishery and health authorities were considered inappropriate. Several coordination problems arose when an authorized 6,000 loco landing could not be placed on the market because results of laboratory tests detecting toxins slightly above the regulatory limit (80 ug STX eq. 100 g meat) arrived too late to the caleta. Information and understanding gaps were quickly filled with rumors and beliefs about the origins and causes of HABs. Fishermen discontent and frustration when their activity was forbidden led to their explanations and search for liable parties. In some caletas, people observed rare environmental signals the days before the official HAB alert, such as an increase of water temperature, intense brown patches, and invertebrate and seabird mortalities. The red tide event was therefore associated with human intervention and industrial pollution. An overall climate of suspicion and mistrust prevailed among fishing communities in their relationship with authorities and other local and regional parties. The arrival of HABs to their fishing zones, a dire threat to sustaining their livelihood, is considered to have increased the uncertainty to which they were already accustomed. In addition to changing conditions in climate, market and resource availability, the potential presence of PSP toxins in some of the economically important resources implies reduced stability and predictability. In some caletas, landing closures lasted over 18 months, negatively impacting families income and traditional diet. This forced resource users to rely on or shift to other economic activities, such as farming and cattle raising, foresting, or professional diving. As a critical warning, benthic fisheries in the southern Aysén Region, where high levels of PSP toxins exist almost permanently, have dramatically declined in the last decades due to HAB effects. Therefore, shaping different future trajectories becomes an urgent need for fishers in northern Patagonia. In 2019, the Red Tide Adaptation and Response Network (REARMAR) was HARMFUL ALGAE NEWS NO. 70 / 2022 Fig. 3. During the Red Tide Tour, fishermen leaders from Los Ríos Region visited the Health Service Laboratory in Puerto Montt, where shellfish samples are analyzed. created to address increasing disinformation, distrust, and uncertainty among fishermen organizations. The vision of REARMAR is to offer a learning platform to co-create relevant HAB knowledge and bring fishermen and scientific and policy actors together. Drawing on a social capital framework [3], weaving the network has included activities connecting different scales and closing existing knowledge gaps. Workshops were held to 1) nurture bonding (social glue) and bridging relationships (social lubricant) by exchanging peoples experiences and concerns about red tides at the caleta level and also between caletas affected by HAB; 2) foster linking ties (social pipelines) between fishermen and researchers to share peoples communications and discuss the state-of-the-art of scientific knowledge about HABs; 3) improve communication between fishers and sanitary authorities and to open the black box of PSP toxin analysis and detection. As shown in Fig. 3, the Red Tide Tour brought fishermen leaders from distant caletas in Los Ríos Region to visit the Health Service Laboratory in Los Lagos Region. They witnessed the procedure followed to detect PSP in samples taken from their shellfish landings, aiming at increasing trust and legitimacy among parties. REARMAR is also committed to science communication initiatives, such as micro documentaries [4], opinion columns, and online social platforms [5]. Conventional approaches to respond to HAB impacts have mostly focused on health problems, top-down command and control policies, and an early detection approach. More initia- tives such as REARMAR are necessary to boost such efforts, and to enhance a fisheries management focus, bottom-up and participatory strategies, and proactive and adaptive approaches in Chile and elsewhere. Acknowledgements Marins work in REARMAR was funded by FONDECYT/ANID 11171068, ULAGOS DI R17/17 & RTI05/19, and Global Greengrants Fund. Patricio A. Díaz was funded by the Centro de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería (CeBiB) (PIA project FB0001, ANID, Chile). References 1. Hernández C et al 2016. HAN 54: 1-2. 2. Guzmán L et al 2002. In: Floraciones Algales Nocivas en el Cono Sur Americano (IEO, Madrid), pp 235-255. 3. Marín A et al.2012 Ecology and Society 17(1): 13. 4. ULAGOS TV: What are red tides? https:// youtu.be/L62wzXr1Kks; Red tide direct impacts on fishers https://youtu. be/05PMniCEMW4. 5. Follow us on Instagram @re_ar_mar Authors Andrés Marín & Gabriela Lizana, Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo Regional y Políticas Públicas (CEDER), Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile Diego Valdivieso, Centro de Estudios Interculturales e Indígenas (CIIR), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Campus Villarrica, Chile Patricio A Díaz, Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile Email corresponding author: andres.marin@ulagos.cl 11 Harmful Algae News An IOC Newsletter on Toxic Algae and Algal Blooms No. 70 - July 2022 https://hab.ioc-unesco.org/ Mar Menor lagoon: an iconic case of ecosystem collapse Content Featured articles Mar Menor lagoon: an iconic case of ecosystem collapse, Juan M Ruiz, Jaime BernardeauEsteller, M Dolo nodosa present in Mar Menor at least in the last decades. Caulerpa contains high levels of toxigenic secondary metabolites and contributes loads of labile organic matter to the sediments. Decomposition of this organic matter fuels anoxic processes and increased levels of reduced carbon, nitrogen and age basin and is a major source of European winter vegetable production. But the transferred water resources, clearly insufficient to sustain such production, had to be complemented with aquifers that had suffered previous overexploitation and became brackish. These brackish aquifers needed treating Fig. 3. Satellite image (Sentinel 2) after torrential rainfall in September 12th and 13th in the Mar Menor watershed. Tons of terrigenous sediments, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous are dragged by water runoff from agricultural lands into the Mar Menor lagoon (downloaded from https://www. copernicus provided by President and Staff of the harbours Club Nautico Lo Pagán, Club Náutico La Puntica and Centro de Actividades Náuticas (San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain). References 1. Ruiz JM et al 2020. Informe de asesoramiento técnico del IEO, 165pp 2. Belando MB et al 2019. Front. Mar. Sci. Conf The Mar Menor Oyster Initiative, a strategy to prevent algal blooms in a eutrophic lagoon in Spain Fig. 1. Map of study in Mar Menor, Murcia, SE Spain Marine ecosystems are exposed to a wide range of pressures including water quality degradation, habitat decline, overfishing and climate change, in flats, located in the south basin of the lagoon. The rationale of this project is to involve all interested stakeholders for successful large-scale restoration programs, which need public and political support, research, and outreach actions [13]. Acknowledgements Project RemediOS is developed with Multi-specific Harmful Algal Bloom in a Chilean Fjord: A dangerous phytoplankton cocktail Fig. 1. Maps of study area showing: left, NW Patagonian fjords; right, Quitralco Fjord Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in Southern Chile (Patagonian fjords) have followed the global trend of increasing reports an Fig. 3. Vertical distribution of A) temperature (blue line), salinity (red line) and chlorophyll a (green line); B) Pseudo-nitzschia spp; C) A. catenella; D) D. acuminata; E) P. reticulatum at a sampling station close to the head of Quitralco Fjord on February 22, 2022 reticulatum (18.3 x 103 cells Red Tide Adaptation and Response Network (REARMAR): bridging local, scientific and policy knowledge for smallscale benthic fisheries in the northern Chilean Patagonia Fig. 1. Expansion of Alexandrium catenella-related PSP outbreaks recorded in the last four decades in Chilean Patagonia. Dashed line l l fishermen leaders and fishery and health authorities were considered inappropriate. Several coordination problems arose when an authorized 6,000 loco landing could not be placed on the market because results of laboratory tests detecting toxins slightly above the regulatory limit (80 ug STX eq An unprecedented harmful algae bloom in the beaches of Rio, Brazil Fig. 1. Images acquired by Sentinel-3s Ocean and Land Colour Instrument OLCI, on A) November 16th, 2021; B) December 5th, 2021. The dark water patch indicates the algal bloom. Source: Priscila Kienteca Lange, UFRJ An extensive and Tetraselmis). We speculate that these calm inlets could have possibly been the source of the massive offshore bloom, but further image and data analysis needs to be conducted. The coast of Rio de Janeiro state is subject to coastal upwelling of the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW water mass) at A High Biomass Bloom of a dinoflagellate (Scrippsiella sp.) in a tropical estuary in northern Bahia State, Northeast Brazil A bloom of Scrippsiella sp. was observed in the Rio Real estuary of Northeast Brazil (Figure 1A; 11o 18 28 S; 37o 16 45 W). According to the KöppenGeiger climate classification [ Limnoraphis robusta bloom in Hanabanilla reservoir, central-southern Cuba Fig. 1. Map showing the areas where the Limnoraphis robusta bloom occurred in Hanabanilla reservoir. Harmful cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater ecosystems can form major water discolorations, threaten ecosystem functioning from Hanabanilla was mainly in early vegetative stage. In contrast, some morphological characters which are indicators of later growth stage such as red-brownish trichomes and hormogonia were present in high abundance in a previous L. robusta bloom from Hanabanilla reservoir [5]. L. robusta occurred MixONET, a new SCOR Working Group # 165 on Mixotrophy in the Ocean Traditional and contemporary methods in Biological Oceanography assume a false plant/animal dichotomy for plankton. This dichotomy has been the bedrock of marine science, operationally separating organisms into phototrophic or phagot Maldonado (Canada), Mengmeng Tong (China), Michaela Larsson (Australia), Patricio Diaz (Chile), Robinson Mugo (Kenya), Tina Šilović (France). The first meeting of the working group was held in silico (February 2022) with the second hybrid meeting scheduled to be held in Baiona (Galicia, Spain) in Ju GlobalHAB/EuroMarine Workshop on Modelling and Prediction of Harmful Algal Blooms The typical harmful algal bloom is a regional- or local-scale phenomenon, a perfect storm of environmental conditions, ocean transport and mixing patterns, and microbial ecology. Because of this complexity, prediction Meeting of the GlobalHAB Scientific Steering Committee, Glasgow, Scotland, May 2022 On May 14th -15th, 2022, the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) of the IOCSCOR programme, GlobalHAB, celebrated its first hybrid meeting in Glasgow, UK, following virtual meetings throughout the Covid19 pandemic. Th The international community is invited to participate in the GlobalHAB programme, through seeking endorsement of relevant research, monitoring, and modelling activities GlobalHAB APPLICATION FORM FOR ENDORSEMENT OF ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS To be completed in English and emailed to the Chair of the G Is the activity part of, coordinated with, or af4iliated with, other international/regional programs? Yes: ___ No. ____ If yes, give program title: 8. FUNDING Has funding been obtained? Yes: No: (Prospective) source(s): 9. CONTRIBUTION TO UN DECADE OF OCEAN SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 203 Microbial life cycles Microbial life cycles in a changing ocean in a changing ocean Contributions that address the following topics are welcome: Contributions that address the following topics are welcome: Diversity of microbial life cycles in different habitats and environments Diversity of micr