ulgated: the Energy Technology Revolution Innovation Action Plan (20162030) released in March 2016, and the 13th Five-Year Plan for Energy Technology Innovation released later, in December 2016. These two documents put forward specific aims, measures and initiatives for advancing technological innovation in the energy sector. The main goal is to establish a comprehensive energy technological innovation system and to make breakthroughs in key technological areas such as renewable energy, smart grids and energy storage. Accomplishing an urban energy transition involves non-trivial processes of infrastructural reconfiguration through which new governance arrangements (such as urban laboratories and urban experimentation) are fitted to the actual landscape of intervention (Castán Broto 2015). It covers a wide range of sectors in the urban system such as manufacturing, electricity, transportation and construction. This section reviews three national-level initiatives in China that aim to promote low-carbon development in cities. Energy security in changing geopolitical circumstances Rapid and large-scale urbanization and industrialization have placed significant pressures on domestic energy supplies. Domestic energy resources are far from sufficient to meet the countrys huge energy demand, and energy supplies are highly dependent on foreign imports. In 2017, Chinas dependence on foreign oil and natural gas reached 67.4% and 39% respectively (CNPC 2017). This poses serious questions for the stability of the countrys energy supply and energy security. This situation, combined with changing geopolitical circumstances and the energy concern, is increasingly being taken into account in the geopolitical and geoeconomic calculations surrounding Chinas international relations. Energy-based international relations have become a core part of Beijings national interest and its foreign-policy priority. For example, Chinas investment in renewable energy is increasing under the Belt and Road Initiative (PV Magazine 2019); Chinas energy ties with Russia are developing more strongly in terms of both the newly opened Russian gas pipeline to China and their joint ventures in energy exploration in the Arctic region; one of the aims of Chinas proactive defence policy in the South China Sea is to secure access to the regions energy reserves; and Chinese trade and investment in energy are becoming a pivotal part of Chinas economic relations with Africa and Latin America (The Economist 2016). The Low-carbon City Initiative In 2010, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) initiated the Low-Carbon Province and City pilot program. Cities participating in this program are required to develop long-term plans for low-carbon development, design specific measures to reduce carbon emissions, and establish carbon emissions accounting and management systems (Lo 2014). Till now, three batches of designation have been announced successively in 2010, 2012 and 2017, covering a total of 71 cities (Table 1). Energy transition initiatives in urban China The Chinese government has assigned high importance to the mission to achieve the energy transition, in which respect cities are considered a critical arena. The Low-carbon City Initiative has a long history, having been a consistent and continuous low-carbon effort in China for the past decade. It takes many years to pilot new ideas and experiments, so while the latest batch of cities were designated in 2017, we still await the outcomes. According to some analysts, however, the implementation of this low-carbon city initiative has proved to play a positive role in reducing carbon emissions in the pilot cities (Cheng et al. 2019). Assessing the achievement of carbon-intensity targets during the 12th five-year period showed that the decreases in carbon intensities in the pilot cities were significantly higher than the national average. In 2019, a Report on the Evaluation of Chinese Green and Low-carbon Cities was released, which comprehensively evaluated the green and low-carbon performances of 169 Chinese cities, including the 71 low-carbon pilot cities. The report showed that in general, low-carbon pilot cities had a higher performance than non-pilot cities. Moreover, the performances of the first batch of pilot cities was significantly Table 1 National low-carbon pilot cities in China. Source: Cheng et al. (2019). Group Number of cities Names of cities First batch (2010) 8 Baoding, Chongqing, Guiyang, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Shenzhen, Tianjin, and Xiamen 27 Beijing, Chizhou, Ganzhou, Guangyuan, Guangzhou, Guilin, Huaian, Hulun Buir, Jilin, Jinchang, Jincheng, Jingdezhen, Kunming, Ningbo, Nanping, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Urumqi, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Yanan, Zhenjiang, and Zunyi 36 Ankang, Changsha, Changzhou, Chaoyang, Chengdu, Chenzhou, Dalian, Fuzhou, Hefei, Huaibei, Huangshan, Jian, Jiaxing, Jinan, Jinhua, Lanzhou, Lasa, Liuzhou, Luan, Nanjing, Puer, Quzhou, Sanming, Sanya, Shenyang, Weifang, Wuhai, Wuzhong, Xiangtan, Xining, Xuancheng, Yantai, Yinchuan, Yuxi, Zhuzhou, and Zhongshan Second batch (2012) Third batch (2017) Chapter 12 / Energy transitions in urban China: Drivers, developments and challenges / 99 SDC International Report 2020 Cooperating for Energy Transition Edited by Birte Holst Jørgensen, Stine Haakonsson, Hong Zhao and Guangchao Chen Chapter 7 / Mapping wind resources and extreme wind: technical and social aspects /1 SDC International Report 2020 Cooperating for Energy Transition November 2020 Edited by Birte Holst Jørgensen, DTU Stine Haakonsson, CBS Hong Zhao, UCAS Guangchao Chen, UCAS Reviewed by Joanna Lewis, Georgetown University (chapters 2, 10, 11, 13, 14) Nan Zhou, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( SDC International Report 2020 Cooperating for Energy Transition Edited by SDC Sustainable Energy Principal Coordinators Birte Holst Jørgensen and Guangchao Chen SDC Social Sciences - Principal Coordinators Stine Haakonsson and Hong Zhao Reviewed by Joanna Lewis, Nan Zhou and William Dhaeserleer / Content Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Part I: Cooperating for energy transition Chapter 1 / Introduction and background . Preface An ancient Chinese proverb says that when the wind of change blows, some people build walls, others build windmills. 2020, the Chinese Year of the Rat, has been a year of dramatic winds of change caused by COVID19, forcing countries around the globe to lock down major parts of their economie /6 Chapter 7 / Mapping wind resources and extreme wind: technical and social aspects Part I Cooperating for energy transition Chapter 7 / Mapping wind resources and extreme wind: technical and social aspects /7 1 Introduction and background Stine Haakonsson,1,2 Hong Zhao,3,2 Birte Holst Jørgensen4,2 and Guangchao Chen5,2 Department of Organisation, Copenhagen Business School; 2SDC Social Sciences and SDC Sustainable Energy; 3School of Management, University of China Academy of Sciences; 4Department of Win encompass energy efficiency improvements, a broad electrification strategy, a ban on the sale of all new diesel and petrol cars from 2030, and cooperation with other North Sea countries to further exploit offshore wind energy potential. Future energy systems in Denmark and China will be smart, effic 2 Sino-Danish cooperation in the energy transition Birte Holst Jørgensen1 and Stine Haakonsson2 Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark; 2 Department of Organisation, Copenhagen Business School 1 Introduction The sustainable energy transition is a critical shift to secure the f where and how. A good starting point are initiatives directly linked to industry innovation through research and development (R&D). Although international energy R&D cooperation has been high on the political agenda in times of energy crisis and other global challenges, it seldom goes beyond knowled Opening up to new markets is particularly promising for companies in the renewable energy industry. Opportunities for new energy technologies are booming in emerging markets where economic growth relies on a secure, affordable and sustainable energy system. R&D cooperation also benefits exports as i Mission Innovation(MI) is a global initiative of member countries from five continents, 24 countries and the EU, working to accelerate clean energy innovation. China and Denmark were among the founding countries of MI. When world leaders came together in Paris in December 2015 to undertake ambitious In 2008, the two governments signed an agreement to establish a Strategic Partnership in areas of common interest. Most importantly, the intention was to strengthen political dialogue between the two governments to foster cooperation in areas such as climate, energy, environment, research, innovatio Figure 1 Figure 1 Total collaborative co-publication article outputs over time. With strong political support from both sides, the Sino-Danish Center (SDC) was established in 2010 and is a partnership between all eight Danish universities, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the University o Figure 2 Figure 2 Top ten organisations in China and Denmark with scholars involved in energy-related scientific co-publication Figure 3 Figure 3 Funding sources mentioned in the acknowledgements sections of Sino-Danish co-publications / 16 Chapter 2 / Sino-Danish cooperation in the energy tran The top five organizations involved in overall SinoDanish co-publication are, in order, the University of Copenhagen, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Aarhus University, the Technical University of Denmark and Aalborg University. The same institutions comprise the top five within energy-related tech Figure 5 Total global records of scientific co-publication within technical sciences outputs to collaboration. Researchers and institutions are involved in many international partnerships and receive funding from multiple sources, often for the same project. This growth has been aided by government Electric Engineering (Engineering +) Efficient Energy (Engineering +) Wind Power (Engineering +) Energy Storage Applied Earth and Social Sciences + Human Factors Bioenergy (materials) Material Science Physics (materials) (materials) Figure 6 Annotated network view of the connections between References ATV. 2020. Verdens førende tech-regioner. Danmarks styrkepositioner i et globalt perspektiv. En rapport fra ATVs Sceince and Engineering projekt, August 2020. https://atv. dk/udgivelser-viden/verdens-foerende-tech-regioner-danmarks-styrkepositioner-globalt-perspektiv Geels, F. W. and Sch Mazzucato, M. 2015. The green entrepreneurial state. The politics of green transformations, 134-152. Mitchell C. 2010. Forging European Responses to the Challenge of Climate Change and Energy Resource Supply. In Prange-Gstöhl, H. (Ed.) International Science and Technology Cooperation in a Globalized / 22 Chapter 7 / Mapping wind resources and extreme wind: technical and social aspects Part II Sino-Danish energy outlook for technologies and systems Chapter 7 / Mapping wind resources and extreme wind: technical and social aspects / 23 3 Energy scenarios and policies Pablo Hevia-Koch,1 Jie Xu,1 Kaare Sandholt,2 Xue Han,2 Marie Münster3 and Sara Shapiro-Bengtsen3 Danish Energy Agency; 2China National Renewable Energy Centre; 3Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark 1 Introduction Clim social dimensions with specific features of Chinese political civilization, aspects of Chinese governance and core elements of the countrys sustainable economic development agenda (Kuhn 2019). China has committed itself to the Paris Agreement and the targets to avoid dangerous climate change by kee relevant subsectors. The goal of the analysis is the primary energy demand of these sectors and subsectors. End-uses are driven by assumed developments in key activity levels specified for each subsector. These are physical or behavioural drivers specific to the subsector, or the subsectors economic Deep dive on waste as case The broader modelling of the Chinese energy system, as done in, for example, the China Renewable Energy Outlook, is capable of informing and being informed by deeper sector- or technology-specific analyses. One example is the analysis of waste management and energy generat To create a baseline, and as part of Denmarks National Energy and Climate Plan to be submitted to the EU, the Danish Energy Agency annually prepares Denmarks Energy and Climate Outlook (DECO) with inter-ministerial support (Danish Energy Agency 2019). DECO consists of a technical assessment of Danis 600 500 Natural gas Biogas and Biomethane Woodpellets 400 Fuel Consumption [PJ] Woodchips Straw Wind 300 Solar Excess heat Muniwaste Oil 200 Coal Biofuels Fossil transport fuels 100 0 2020 ES 2020 M 2020 LS 2020 ES 2030 M 2030 LS 2040 ES 2040 M 2040 LS 2050 ES 2050 M 2050 LS Figu 2. The development track, where new technologies are developed and quickly implemented as soon as they fulfil expectations regarding their costs and effectiveness. The implementation track will apply climate technologies to all sectors of the Danish economy. Previous climate strategies, as in most different regarding energy consumption and the availability of energy sources. A comparison between China and the EU would be more relevant regarding overall energy policy strategies, not only due to geography, but also with regard to the variety of resources and the different demographic profiles. Kuhn, B. (2019). Ecological civilisation in China. Dialogue of Civilizations Research Institute. https://doc-research. org/2019/08/ecological-civilisation-china-berthold/ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (2020). China 2050 Demand Resources Energy Analysis Model (DREAM). https://china.lbl.gov/d 4 Mapping wind resources and extreme wind: Technical and social aspects Xiaoli Guo Larsén,1 Rong Zhu2 and Russell McKenna3,4 DTU Wind Energy; 2National Climate Centre, CMA; 3DTU Management; 4University of Aberdeen 1 Introduction Over the past decade, renewable energy has become an important playe WIND RESOURCE MAP MEAN WIND SPEED DESCRIPTION ABOUT dist ribut ions based on a chain of models, which downscale winds f rom global models (~30 km), t o mesoscale (3 km) t o microscale (250 m). The Weat her Research & Forecast ing (WRF) mesoscale model uses ECMWF ERA-5 reanalysis dat a for at mos Table 1 Standard assumptions for GIS analysis of available areas for wind development relating to Figure 2. Slope (%) Area available in category Land Use Area available in category α3 100% Natural reserve 0% 3 long-term series high spatial and temporal resolution dataset has a horizontal resolution of 3 km 3 km and spatial resolution of 1 hour from 1995 to 2016. It can be used to start CFD modelling for wind-farm design and also to provide a database for wind energy enterprises and related technical advi used to create an extreme wind atlas for South Africa (Larsén and Kruger 2014) and has been implemented in WEng,10 covering most parts of the globe. While these methodologies are applicable to both onshore and offshore conditions, there are special challenges and advantages in the case of offshore c Attempts to consider non-technical constraints The studies mentioned above have the limitation that they focus on the technical potential, thereby overlooking many non-technical constraints for onshore wind. Especially relevant is the issue of public acceptance, which includes concerns relating to t its scenic beauty. Exploring the links between landscape beauty and other variables is another potentially promising research area. For example, there is a strong statistical correlation between the outcome of planning applications for onshore wind parks and the scenic qualities of the location (McK Delle Monache, L., Eckel, F.A., Rife, D.L., Nagarajan, B. and Searight, K. 2013. Probabilistic weather prediction with an analog ensemble. Mon Weather Rev, 141: pp. 3498516. Draxl, C., Clifton, A., Hodge, B. and McCaa, J. 2015. The Wind Integration National Dataset (WIND) Toolkit. Appl Energy, 151: onshore wind in Europe: a response to Enevoldsen et al. (2019), Energy Policy, 132, 1092-1100 McKenna, R., Weinand, J. M., Mulalić, I., Petrović, S., Mainzer, K., Preis, T. and Moat, H.S. 2020. Improving renewable energy resource assessments by quantifying landscape beauty, Working Paper Series in P 5 Smart energy systems in China and Denmark Jin Tan,1 Qiuwei Wu,1 Jacob Østergaard1 and Yibo Wang2 Center for Electric Power and Energy, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark; 2 Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Introduction Energy 120 200 100 150 80 100 60 40 50 20 Share of electricity sypply/% 140 Growth rate/% Cumulative installed capacity/GW 250 50 40 30 20 10 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year 0 0 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Year Cumulative installed capacity 2014 2016 2018 Propo hot tap-water. In addition, heat storage is playing an increasingly important role in the heating sector, which can enhance the flexibility of CHP units and integrate fluctuating wind power better through the conversion of electrical energy into heat. electric power generation and active consumers Transportation sector The European Environmental Agency (EEA), which keeps track of worldwide final energy consumption, has found that the transport sector is responsible for about a third of overall final energy consumption (Shell International BV 2017). Thus, because of the accompanying CO2 emissi velopment of smart energy systems, including microgrids with high renewable penetration and an overall integrated energy system, referred to as the Energy Internet. The State Grid Tianjin Electricity Power Company is the first company to conduct demonstration projects of integrated energy systems, w 4. Design and develop low-energy buildings for a green transition. Buildings play an important role as the main consumers in cities. Together with indoor climates and thermal inertia, the potential flexibility of buildings can be utilized. Advanced building energy management and control systems sho Energy watch. 2019. Danish wind broke record in 2019. Available at: https://energywatch.eu/EnergyNews/Renewables/article11852556.ece EU Commission Task Force for Smart Grids. 2010. Available at: http://www.ieadsm.org/wp/files/Tasks/Task%20 17%20-%20Integration%20of%20Demand%20Side%20 Management,%20E Teng, F., Trovato, V. and Strbac, G. 2015. Stochastic Scheduling with Inertia-dependent Frequency Regulation, IEEE Transactions on Power System, pp. 110. The development of energy in China. 2018. (in Chinese) Available at: http://www.chyxx.com/industry/201802/611045.html The Partnership Smart Energy 6 Power electronics-based large-scale integration of renewables in power grids Zhe Chen,1 Birgitte Bak-Jensen1 and Shuju Hu2 Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University; 2Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 1 Introduction In recent years renewable Figure 1 The required frequency/voltage operation range for wind-power plants with nameplate capacity ranging from 25 kW to 1.5 MW (Energinet 2016). U and 50Hz are the nominal values. trol and safety issues to which the PE interface must adapt. Section 2 will first review the balancing problem, inc Figure 2 Requirement for tolerance of voltage drops, fault ride-through (for wind turbine with an installed capacity 1.5 MW) (Energinet 2016). Figure 3 Requirement for reactive power supply during voltage drops (for wind turbine with an installed capacity 1.5 MW) (Energinet 2016). / 52 Chapter requirements will depend on the installed capacities of the wind-power plants. For example, Figure 1 shows the specified frequency/voltage operation range for wind turbines with nameplate capacity between 25 kW and 1.5 MW (Energinet 2016). To contribute to the regulation of frequency, wind turbines and active power-control modules to the wind-turbine controller to ensure that the renewable power output responds to changes of grid frequencies. Further relevant research in academia is being undertaken to tap the potential of renewable power generation to provide frequency support through pre-ass Table 1 Public grid harmonic voltage (phase voltage) Each harmonic voltage contains rate (%) Odd Even Grid nominal voltage kV Total voltage harmonic distortion rate (%) 0.38 5.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 3.2 1.6 3.0 2.4 1.2 2.0 1.6 0.8 6 10 35 66 110 from the harmonic source itself by controllin LCL filter and controller may be difficult to obtain in practice. Thus, various assessment and identification methods of controller and filter parameters have been investigated, such as a grey-box impedance reshaping method, where the parameters of the converter LCL filter, the current control loop References Chen, Z. 2018. Wind Power Plant Control. In: Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Wiley. DCC. 2019. Network Code on Requirements for Grid Connection of Generators (NC RfG): must-read for European electricity producers, https://www.emissions-euets.com/ network-codes/netw 7 Solar thermal energy Jianhua Fan,1 Simon Furbo,1 Zhifeng Wang2 and Guofeng Yuan2 Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark; 2Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Solar energy resources in Denmark and in China Denmark, at a latitude of 55-57, thermal utilization for buildings can be categorized into solar domestic hot-water systems, solar combi systems, solar heating plants and solar air-dehumidification systems. These technologies will be touched upon in what follows. Due to the fluctuating nature of solar radiative power, it is vital t investigation into developing flat-plate solar collectors by means of measurements and computational fluid dynamic simulations (Fan and Furbo 2008). These showed that from 2002 to 2007 the thermal performance of the solar collectors in Danish district-heating plants increased by 29%, 39%, 55% and 80 A Marstal plant (33,300 m2) B Vojens plant (70,000 m2) C Silkeborg plant (156,694 m2) D Dronninglund plant (37,573 m2) Figure 4 Danish solar heating plants (Source: Arcon-Sunmark, http://arcon-sunmark.com/) for district heating. Differently designed solar combi systems for single family houses trict-heating systems, Huang and Fan investigated the integration of air-source heat pumps, ground-source heat pumps, large-scale heat storage and gas boilers with solar heat (Huang et al. 2019a). The optimal solar fraction for an SDH with heat pumps was found to be 11-33%. The integration of solar References Andersen, E., Chen, Z., Fan, J., Furbo, S., Perers, B. 2014. Investigations of intelligent solar heating systems for single family house. In: Energy Procedia. Andersen, E., Nielsen, K.P., Dragsted, J., Furbo, S. 2015. Measurements of the Angular Distribution of Diffuse Irradiance. Energy Tian, Z., Perers, B., Furbo, S., Fan, J. 2017. Annual measured and simulated thermal performance analysis of a hybrid solar district heating plant with flat plate collectors and parabolic trough collectors in series. Appl. Energy 205, 417-427. Tian, Z., Perers, B., Furbo, S., Fan, J. 2018. Analysis 8 District heating for Chinas energy transition: Lessons from Sino-Danish collaboration Zhuolun Chen,1,3 Niels Frederik Malskær,2 Stefan Petrovic,3 Jianjun Xia4 and Michele Rosa2 Copenhagen Centre on Energy Efficiency, UNEP-DTU Partnership; 2Danish Energy Agency; 3Department of Technology, Manageme Figure 2 Clean DH developing in China from 2016 to 2018 Cities with sustainable development goals are adopting district energy systems to achieve what they regard as important benefits. DES can contribute to affordable energy provision; higher overall system efficiency, with reduced reliance on ene sumption of heating coal takes place at low efficiencies of 10%-15%, as with small district boilers and household coal stoves (Zhang et al. 2020). To alleviate environmental problems and reduce the pollution from heating, the Chinese government has drawn up a Clean Heating Plan in the Northern Regio Danish experience shows that DH and DC can be the key to creating an energy-efficient society. DH systems in particular contribute substantially to the development of low-emission urban societies. However, this must be carefully planned and designed to secure low or reasonable heat prices. The Tongc The role of municipalities in coordinating stakeholders Municipalities should play a key role as planners and regulators, facilitators, providers, consumers, coordinators and advocators (UNEP 2015) in introducing clean DH. Although the national government can still impose high-level requirements and vate sectors as partners in public-private partnerships should be shared. Clean DH projects in China should move from depending mainly on financial support from governments to self-sufficient commercialized ones. More activities to build local capacity are needed in order to make good use of energy References Building Energy Conservation Research Center. 2019. 2019 Annual report on China building energy efficiency. s.l.: China Architecture / Building Press. Eurocities. 2020. Eurocities. Available at: https://eurocities.eu/ [Accessed 1 10 2020]. C40 Cities. 2020. C40 cities. Available at: htt 9 Digitalisation for energy efficiency and flexibility Nicolas Fatras,1,2 Zheng Ma3 and Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen1 Center for Energy Informatics, Maersk Mc-Kinney Møller Institute, University of Southern Denmark; 2Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Science technologies is being prioritised by the government, which has recently allocated DKK 50 million to new initiatives in digital technologies at universities (Erhvervsministeriet 2018). From a physical infrastructure perspective, Denmark has the second highest number of IoT devices per capita in the w For households in Denmark, building energy consumption has declined by 45% per square metre since 1975, largely without digitalisation, but mainly through better insulation and renovation measures (CNREC and DEA 2015). In general, heating and cooling still have the greatest potential for energy flex Table 2 SWOT comparison of energy consumption sector digitalisation in Denmark and China Denmark China Strengths Smart meter installation for all consumers Centralized data collection system DataHub High sector-coupling experience with CHP and district heating High market liberalization allo fifteen areas, eleven focus on generation-side technologies (or the handling of their consequences, such as nuclear waste treatment), while the remaining four points are divided between energy storage, grid improvement, energy internet technologies and energy efficiency technologies (CNESA 2016). Re ence R&D described in Chapter 2. Denmark performs well on the data-collection side, with a national rollout of residential smart meters and high IoT shares per capita. Data connectivity is also high due to the high rates of first-wave digitalisation, with online services, country-wide Internet acces Of course, the application to real-life projects will not follow a linear path from data collection to analysis, as data infrastructure will be added to support flexibility and efficiency solutions in an iterative way. This is where testbeds such as those in Denmark and China provide valuable learni Erhvervsministeriet. 2018. Strategy for Denmarks Digital Growth. The Danish Government - Ministry of Industry Business and Financial Affairs. Evans, R. and Gao, J. 2016. DeepMind AI reduces Google data centre cooling bill by 40%. Available from: https:// deepmind.com/blog/article/deepmind-ai-reduces / 80 Chapter 7 / Mapping wind Chapter resources 9 / Digitalisation and extreme forwind: energy technical efficiency andand social flexibility aspects Part III Transforming the energy system through policy and innovation Chapter 7 / Mapping wind resources and extreme wind: technical and social aspects / 81 10 Catching up through green windows of opportunity Yixin Dai,1 Stine Haakonsson,2 Ping Huang,3 Rasmus Lema4 and Yuan Zhou1 School of Public Policy, Tsinghua University; 2Department of Organisation, Copenhagen Business School; The Urban Institute, University of Sheffield; 4Department of Business an (Billion USD) United States Europe China (Billion USD) 160 9 140 8 United States Europe China 7 120 6 100 5 80 4 60 3 40 2 20 1 0 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Figure 1 New renewab Table 1 Chinas share of patents of selected renewable energies (2005-2016, cumulative). Source: IRENA INSPIRE based on data from EPO PATSTAT. The EPO Climate Change Mitigation Technology classification was also used. Percentage (%) Technology 2005-2010 2011-2016 Solar Thermal 32.78 40.75 Sol in place between 2005-2009), others less visible (e.g. the difficulty experienced by foreign enterprises in winning competitive bidding for state-funded projects). Since the Chinese market was large and growing rapidly, success in this market had a major impact on global market shares at the company (MW) 200000 180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 New installed capacity 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Cumulative installed capacity Figure 5 New and cumulative installed capacity of solar PV in China (2009-2018) (source: European Photovoltaic I to the financial crisis and anti-dumping measures. In China, government support for the industry was driven by local economic considerations and by the backing given by local government to other export-oriented industries (Iizuka 2015). Hence, a domestic market developed on the back of support schem was placed on supporting and promoting R&D in key bioenergy technologies, such as non-grain fuel ethanol, biodiesel, biogas and specialized equipment for production processes of bioenergy products (Chen et al. 2016). Two national R&D centres, the National Energy R&D Centre for Liquid Biofuel and the markable in the sense that many of these companies would not have collaborated in their home markets, in which competition is fierce. Compared to other technologies, the development of concentrated solar power (CSP) is relatively new in China. CSP denotes technologies that use mirrors to focus and c Chen, H., Xu, M.L., Guo, Q., Yang, L and Ma, Y. 2016. A review on present situation and development of biofuels in China. Journal of the Energy Institute, 89(2): pp.248-255. Chinadialogue, 2014. 太阳能热水器:中国混合能源的重要 角色Available at: https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/ show/single/ch/7580-Small-scale-s Lee, K., and Malerba, F. 2017. Catch-up cycles and changes in industrial leadership: Windows of opportunity and responses of firms and countries in the evolution of sectoral systems. Research Policy 46.2 (2017): 338-351. Sachs, J. D., Schmidt-Traub, G., Mazzucato, M., Messner, D., Nakicenovic, N., 11 Sustainability-driven innovation in China: The case of Windoor Dmitrij Slepniov1 and Lv Ping2 Department of Business and Management, Aalborg University; 2School of Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Introduction 1978 marked the start of a new era in Chinas history - a peri Bank 2013; Yang and Jiang 2019). Recently it was given particular prominence in the countrys 13th Five-Year plan. For example, the plan stated the objective of doubling GDP between 2011 and 2020 without doubling energy usage. Further, the long-term focus on achieving environmental targets is reflect Methodology and case study Case study strategy of inquiry As mentioned above, we conducted our research in the form of a single case study design (e.g. Eisenhard 1989; Yin 2018). The study applies this investigative method with the aim of providing in-depth insights into a contemporary phenomenon in exhibition which hosts 112 foreign companies and more than 300 domestic companies, creating a physical space to collaborate and gain access to Chinese market knowledge and product development platforms. Organising international sustainability-driven innovation Only a small fraction of Chinas buildin The company actively prepared to respond to a window of opportunity provided by government policies and national standards for climate-robust green buildings and urban design to avoid locking in existing carbon footprints. This case not only presented commercial opportunities for the companies invol References Bansal, P. and Roth, K. 2000. Why Companies Go Green: A Model of Ecological Responsiveness, Academy of Management Journal, 43(4): pp. 717736. Santos, J. and Williamson, P. 2015. The New Mission for Multinationals. MIT Sloan Management Review, 56(4): pp. 4554. Bohnsack, R. 2018. Local Ni 12 Energy transitions in urban China: Drivers, developments and challenges Ping Huang,1 Rasmus Lema2 and Xing Li3 The Urban Institute, University of Sheffield; 2Department of Business and Management, Aalborg University; 3 Department of Politics and Society, Aalborg University 1 Introduction The p ulgated: the Energy Technology Revolution Innovation Action Plan (20162030) released in March 2016, and the 13th Five-Year Plan for Energy Technology Innovation released later, in December 2016. These two documents put forward specific aims, measures and initiatives for advancing technological innov better than those of later batches, indicating that the effectiveness of the policy takes longer to manifest itself. The report verified the positive outcomes generated by the Low-carbon City Initiative and recommended further deepening and scaling-up of the pilot scheme in China. The Energy Transi level) have introduced a series of policy instruments to implement building-integrated renewable-energy systems in urban areas, the application of solar energy having become a central focus. In 2006, an Implementation Opinion on the Application of Renewable Energy in Buildings was published, stressi Conclusion Cities have become important actors in global efforts to transform economies from fossil fuels to green energy. This is true both globally and in China. In this chapter we have reviewed the drivers, developments and challenges of energy transitions in urban China. In terms of the drivers Lema, R., Fu, X. and Rabellotti, R. 2020. Green windows of opportunity? Latecomer development in the age of transformation towards sustainability. Industrial and Corporate Change, 29(5): pp xxxxxx. Li, M., Li, L., and Strielkowski, W. (2019). The impact of urbanization and industrialization on energ 13 Chinas pragmatic experimentalism towards sustainable transition: Wind power and Sino-Danish collaboration Julia Kirch Kirkegaard1 and Rongping Mu2 Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark; 2Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 The boom, bust and r in Chinese state concessions for wind power development in the early 2000s, with the evaluation criteria requiring a certain amount of the equipment to be produced in China (Lewis 2013). The industry-oriented policy of local content requirement was abolished in 2009, but by this point almost all Wes incentives for turbine quality (e.g. through energy pricing and financial support schemes) (Kirkegaard and Caliskan 2018; García 2013; Zhao et al. 2012:228); centralisation of control and planning (Korsnes 2014; Lewis 2013:74; Kirkegaard 2019); and upgrading of core technologies, such as control sys countries (Mathews and Tan 2015:148), while moving beyond its current stage as the worlds factory. Chinas rapid upgrading has also seen the strategic use of KIBS, which have adopted a business model focused on licensing out technologies (Haakonsson et al. 2020), a trend that reached China along with References Andrews-Speed, P. 2012 The Governance of Energy in China. Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Bloomberg (New Energy Finance). 2012. Will Chinas New Renewable Portfolio Standard Boost Project Development? Renewable energy: Research note, 11 May. Breznitz, D Lema, A. and Ruby, K. 2007. Between fragmented authoritarianism and policy coordination: Creating a Chinese market for wind energy. Energy Policy, 35: pp. 3879-3890. ranks of innovative countries (2019-01-21) 中共科学技术部 党组关于以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导 凝 心聚力 决胜进入创新型国家行列的意见(2019-01-21) Lewis, J. I. 2007. Tech 14 Financing the global low-carbon energy transition: Chinas dual role domestically and overseas Lars Oehler,1,2 Mathias Lund Larsen3 and Wang Yao3 Department of Organisation, Copenhagen Business School, 2Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC); 3 International Institute of Green Financ China 758 Europe 698 United States 356 Japan 202 Germany 179 United Kingdom 122 India 90 Italy Brazil 82 55 Australia 47 France 45 Figure 1 Renewable energy investment capacity between 2010 and 2019 (in USD bn) (Source: FS-UNEP 2019). Note: Data for 2019 covers the first half of Table 1 Cumulative renewable energy capacity in GW per source as of 2018, world and China. Source: Authors compilation based on Murdock et al. 2019. Technology World (GW) China (GW) Share (%) Wind 591 210 36 Solar PV 505 176 35 Hydro 1,132 322 28 Bioenergy 130 17,8 14 Concentrat Table 2 2019 investment proportions in fossil and renewable energy across sectors and geographies. Approximations based on various sources such as Zhou et al. 2018; IEA 2020; CEC 2020; Dong and Ye 2018. (Source: Authors summary). Note: Hydro refers to mid- and large hydropower generation. Energy se Table 3 Ownership structure of leading wind turbine, solar PV and fossil fuel companies in China Sector Firm Global market Type 13.8% Public 43.33% (Three Gorges New Energy) Envision Energy 8.4% Private Mingyang 5.2% Public 7.3% (ICBC Int. Investment) Jinko Solar 12.8% Public JA Sola source of finance for large-scale on-grid projects with an installed capacity of 10 MW and above (FS-UNEP 2010). Therefore, they have to deploy corporate finance based on their balance sheets, leading to heavy debt burdens and limited financing capabilities going forward, especially for private firm the issue, we highlight some of the policies with the greatest potential for the five types of organisations. Chinese policy banks As the single largest source of Chinese overseas energy financing, changing the behavior of CDB and EXIM banks would have a significant direct and perceived effect in th outside the financial system itself, namely Chinese SOE energy, utility and construction companies. While financing in the form of loans comes from policy and commercial banks, actual investments in energy assets derive from SOE companies in the form of equity stakes through greenfield investments, their Role of Project Finance. Unpublished course manuscript, Frankfurt am Main. FTI. 2018. Global Wind Market update - Demand and Supply 2017. FTI Intelligence. Gallagher, K. P. 2019. Chinas Global Energy Finance. Global Development Policy Center, Boston University Murdock, H. E., Gibb, D., André, 15 Small hydropower sustainability evaluation for the Belt and Road Initiative Conglin Zhang,1 Haijuan Qiao2 and Weishan Yang3 1 Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 2State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Resear Figure 1 Installed Small Hydropower Capacity of participant BRI countries (MW) Figure 2 Small Hydropower Potential Capacity of participant BRI countries (MW) Source: Both base maps are from the Map Technology Review Center of the Ministry of Natural Resources. Figure 3 Logical framework of small h Table 1 Review of small hydropower sustainability evaluation index systems, nationally and internationally. Serial number Name Index type Remarks 1 Low impact hydropower certification Includes river flow, quality, fish flows, fish protection, watershed protection, endangered species protectio Table 2 Review of small hydropower sustainability evaluation index systems, nationally and internationally. Primary index Ecology and environment status (A) Serial number Secondary index Definition A1 Forest coverage The ratio of forest area to total land area in a country A2 CO2 emissions namely the political status of a country. evaluation data. To ensure the reliability of the basic data, they were taken from databases, books and research reports in related fields, such as the databases of the World Bank, the United Nations Development Program and The World Small Hydropower Develo 3. Defining the weight set. As required by the AHP method, experts compared every pair of indices in each level, providing results on a 1 to 9 scale (Table 5), and performed a consistency test. The weight of each indicator can be obtained via matrix calculation, and their weight set can be establis 6. Using the fuzzy comprehensive index method to determine the comprehensive evaluation results of the sustainable development level of small hydropower in various countries: the judgment matrix was considered acceptable. If the consistency test failed, the experts had to reuse the 1-9 scale metho Conprehensive evaluation score Ta jik is Ge tan or Ar gia m H enia un Ro gar m y an Ru ia Lt ss hu ia Vi ani et a N Bu am lg Sl aria ov a Es kia t Sr oni iL a A a Cz ze nk ec rba a h ija Re n pu Cr blic oa Sl tia Uz ove be nia ki st a Ky Lat n rg via yz s Jo tan rd a Se n In rb do ia n Uk esia r Th Table 8 Correlation analysis of the evaluation results for the primary indices Primary index Comprehensive Ecology and envistatus ronmental status Comprehensive status 1 Social status Economic Political status status Ecology and environmental status 0.0021 1 Social status 0.6569 -0.4927 Conclusions and discussion Main findings 1. This study analyzes the index system quantitatively from the perspectives of ecology and environment, society, economy and politics, as well as providing a method to evaluate the sustainability of small hydropower in BRI participant countries. This study References Bratrich, C., Truffer, B., Jorde, K., Markard, J., Meier, W., Peter, A., Schneider, M. and Wehrli, B. 2004. Green hydropower: A new assessment procedure for river management. River Res. Appl. 20(7): pp. 865-882. Bouzon M, Govindan K. and Rodriguez C M T. 2016. Identification and analysis Abbreviations AAU Aalborg University AI Artificial intelligence BEV Battery electric vehicle BRI Belt and Road Initiative CAS Chinese Academy of Sciences CCGT Combined cycle gas turbine CEM Clean Energy Ministerial CHP Combined heat and power CITIES The Centre for IT-Intelligent Energy Systems CNREC / 131 Sino-Danish Center Eastern Yanqihu campus University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 380 Huaibeizhuang, Huairou district, Beijing Sino-Danish Center Niels Jensens Vej 2, Building 1190 DK-8000 Aarhus C ISBN 978-87-93549-81-4