Fig. 2. Extracellular vesicles in Alexandrium minutum. From left to right: Vegetative cell under light microscopy; epifluorescence microscopy showing the cell chloroplasts in red; vesicles in green due to lipid stain PKH67, and composite of the epifluorescence images, theca of the cell is in blue, chloroplasts are shown in red, stained vesicles are shown in light blue. Photo courtesy of Esther Garcés idence of PSP toxin profile changes were observed during trophic transfer events. Top predators showed dissimilar profiles to source algae and initially contaminated oganisms. Aifeng Li presented data from outbreaks of PSP in China 2016-2017. Mytilus galloprovincialis converted some toxins into M toxin analogues within 7 days of contamination but these comprised a relatively small proportion of total toxins present and were transformed in the hepatopancreas of mussels and scallops. M toxins are hypothesised to have toxicities similar to C toxin analogues. M toxins also found in trace levels within Alexandrium pacificum. M toxin quantification is tentative as standards are not available. John Kristoffer Andres presented data from green lipped mussels which are the primary PST vector in the Philippines. During experimental exposure a cycle of PST uptake and depuration was observed. Within the first 24 hours toxins were primarily detected in the mantle, later the highest concentrations appeared within the digestive tract. Variability across treatments in both uptake and depuration was high. During the course of the study a conversion of toxins from GTX1/4 to GTX 2/3 was observed. Biological oceanography and limnology of HABs This interesting session contained many presentations using observations of the distribution of HAB organisms together with observations and models of physical oceanography. These different factors all contribute to improved understanding of HAB dynamics. Investigations presented include cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic, the USA and 6 Brazil (Norbert Wasmund, Fabiola Martins), Phaeocystis in the English channel (Arnaud Louchart), Dinophysis in Sweden, Spain, Scotland and Ireland (Bengt Karlson, Paul Dees, Robin Raine), Azadinium and AZA in Ireland (Stephan Mcgirr), Pseudo-nitzschia in Chile and the USA (coast of California) (Maximo Frangopulos, Holly Bowers), Alexandrium in Chile and in the USA (Oscar Espinoza-Gonzalez, Leonardo Guzman, Mike Brosnahan), Karenia brevis in the Gulf of Mexico (Richard Stumpf), dinoflagellate cysts in Morocco (Chaira Karima), Microcystis and microcystins in a New Zealand lake (Barbara Weisbrod). Presentations focusing on modelling and prediction used Individual Based Model combined with observations based on satellite ocean colour to examine Karenia brevis in the Gulf of Mexico (Darren Henrichs), Operational tools in Galicia, Spain (Yolanda Pazos), Dinophysis in the Shetland Islands (Paul Dees). Novel automated methods were used in a detailed study of Pseudo-nitzschia in Monterey Bay (Holly Bowers), high temporal resolution studies of HAB using the Imaging Flow Cytobot in the Baltic, the Skagerrak and in the USA (Bengt Karlson, Kaisa Kraft), machine learning and imaging (Guillaume Wacquet), high biomass blooms studied using multi-wavelength fluorometry, PAM and Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry (Katharine Perri) and enhancement of water temperature by dense dinoflagellate blooms (Mary Ruiz-de la Torre). Major events and long term time series Presentations dealt with time series up to 30 years long from France (Catherine Belin), the North Sea (Callum Whyte), Canada (Nicky Haigh), Chile (Benjamin Suarez-Isla) and Asia (Satoshi Nagai) with a number of presentations from fresh waters including canine fatalities in a Berlin lake (Jutta Fastner), toxic benthic cyanobacteria from France (Isidora Echenique-Subiabre) and a review of an outbreak of Haff disease in Russia (Zorigto Namsaraev). A variety presentations utilising new technologies to investigate HABs included looking at qPCR methods to screen for cyanotoxins (Mark Van Asten), a combination of satellite algorithms and biogeochemical Argo floats to investigate green Noctiluca blooms in the Arabian Sea (Vera Trainer) and a microscopy and next generation sequencing approach to investigate waste water treatment (Arash Zamaydi). Ciguatera and Benthic HABs A wide ranging and diverse suite of oral and poster presentations relating to benthic HABs and ciguatera were presented over three sessions. A range of topics were addressed covering toxin extraction improvements (Mika Nagae) to CTX detection kits (Takeshi Tsumuraya), to the description of two new Gambierdiscus species. Food web toxin transfer paths e.g. in marine invertebrates (Taiana Darius) and the influence of habitat complexity in species composition (Po Teen Lim) are important new areas of research. New efforts to raise awareness of ciguatoxin poisoning among medics in French Polynesia will serve as a model for other endemic areas (Mélanie Tranchet). Socio Economics From fishermens statements on the devastation of whole communities in the Pacific Northwest of the US (Stephanie Moore) to a trip through the Cold HARMFUL ALGAE NEWS NO. 62 / 2019 Harmful Algae News An IOC Newsletter on Toxic Algae and Algal Blooms No. 62 - June 2019 www.ioc-unesco.org/hab The 18th International Conference for Harmful Algae Twenty five years after the 6th International Conference on Toxic Marine Phytoplankton (6th ICHA, 1993), experts on harmful algal bloom Fig. 2. Ice-breaking at La Cité, Nantes, during the 18th ICHA, 2018 SHA society members were kept very busy, fully engaged with the evaluation of student presentations to choose the candidates for the Maureen Keller awards, the election of Yasumoto lifetime achievement awards, voting for future con Scientific and social scenes from participants during the 18th ICHA, Nantes, 2018. HARMFUL ALGAE NEWS NO. 62 / 2019 3 Scientific Highlights of the 18th Inter national Conference on Harmful Algae Plenary talks and Yasumoto awards Each morning and afternoon session began with plenary speakers who covered a number of topics including: climate change impacts on inland and coastal eutrophication (Anna M. Michalek), chem Maria Immacolata Ferrante investigated the Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata sexual cycle and found the gene that determines the mating type in this pennate diatom. Pseudo-nitzschia is found globally in the Tara Oceans dataset and the genes expressed during the sexual phase can track this important but Fig. 2. Extracellular vesicles in Alexandrium minutum. From left to right: Vegetative cell under light microscopy; epifluorescence microscopy showing the cell chloroplasts in red; vesicles in green due to lipid stain PKH67, and composite of the epifluorescence images, theca of the cell is in blue, Fig. 3. Co-evolutionary arms race. Diatoms sense presence of copepods via presence of chemical cues (copepodamides), and respond by producing domoic acid which then affect the copepods (reduced escape response). Photo courtesy of Nina Lundholm. War (Pat Tester) the socio economics session was as di Fig. 5. IAEA Technical Cooperation project: the Caribbean team having a coordination meeting with the boss. produced by Alexandrium minutum and demonstrated that these EVs were produced in laboratory cultures and in situ bloom conditions. The EVs appeared adhered to the cell surface of A. minutum c Global HABs, Global HAB Status Reporting, and Climate Change HABs and climate change attracted a record of 139 abstracts at the Nantes Conference. Research towards predicting the impact of climate change has progressed from single factor growth experiments (e.g. temperature, pCO2) with limited HAB s Barcodes and long term changes in HAB distributions Thal-ass-ee-oh-CY-ra, Key-TOSS-er-us,Pro -toe-pear-a-DIN-ee-um, Sir-A-she-um... this might be a parody of a (very short) genetic barcode or it might be gibberish. It is in fact a sample from a list of phytoplankton genera on flashcards designed to of a highly dynamic biogeographical boundary. Taxonomic uncertainties exist in Chilean waters too, and more recently (2006) PSP was detected as far north as Bahía Mejillones in 23 S. Pre-instrumental proxies indicate climate trends on secular and longer time scales. Luminescent bands in Porites cora Unprecedented bloom of the cyano bacteria Aphanizomenon in a coastal bay of El Salvador Cyanobacteria bloom in marine, freshwater and estuarine ecosystems [1]. It is widely recognized that increased nutrient inputs in waterbodies may enhance cyanobacterial growth, resulting in harmful algal blooms [ Fig. 2. Aphanizomenon fascicles found in Bahía de Jiquilisco observed using an inverted microscope. providing video material, the Secretary of Scientific Research from the University of El Salvador for logistic support, and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARN) for providing wate Dinoflagellate toxins recorded during an extensive coastal bloom in northern Chile Harmful algal blooms (HABs), commonly known as red tides, are primarily caused by the accelerated growth of phytoplankton due to a variety of oceanographic factors. Dinoflagellates and diatoms are often the phytoplank Table 1. Toxin concentration per sample. Toxins screened included PTX1 (pectenotoxin-1), PTX2 (pectenotoxin-2) and YTX (yessotoxin). DA (domoic acid), SPX1 (spirolide-1), GYM (gymnodimine), OA (okadaic acid), DTX1 (dinophysistoxin-1), DTX2 (dinophysistoxin-2), AZA1 (azaspiracid-1), AZA2 (azaspiracid HABs in Paradise revisited Fig. 1. Map of Rangitāhua/Kermadec Islands. Over 700 kilometres to the northeast of New Zealand are the largely uninhabited Rangitāhua/Kermadec Islands (Fig. 1). The islands fall within New Zealands exclusive economic zone and several recent expeditions have resulted in Table 1. Dinoflagellate species identified in epiphytic samples collected from Rangitāhua/Kermadec Islands, 2013-2018. Species Amphidinium carterae A.cf. massartii Coolia malayensis Gambierdiscus australes* G. honu G. polynesiensis Ostreopsis sp. 3 Prorocentrum cf. emarginatum P. hoffmanianum P Epiphytic dinoflagellates from Niue, South Pacific Ocean cal Assistance to Travellers (IAMAT) [6] suggests avoidance of reef fish over 2.7 kg and avoidance of the liver, intestine, head and roe of smaller reef fish. Gambierdiscus sp. was reported in Niue in 2008, although no molecular confirmation Fig. 2. Sampling site at Avatele Beach (left) and coastal view (right), Niue. The ICMSS is an initiative of researchers from various international institutions, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), related to the safety of molluscan shellfish. It seeks to be The ICES-IOC Working Group on Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics 2019 Meeting The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) - Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC) Working Group on Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics (WGHABD) met from the 2nd 4th April 2019. The meeting wa Intergovernmental Panel convenes to set priorities for international cooperation on mitigating the effects of Harmful Algae The Fourteenth Session of the IOC Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB) was held at UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, from 24th to 26th April 2019. The Panel review GlobalHAB and the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030) GlobalHAB webpage (www.globalhab.info) On 1st January 2016, the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (adopted by world leaders in September 2015 at an historic U GlobalHAB APPLICATION FORM FOR ENDORSEMENT OF ACTIVITIES To be completed in English and send to the Chair of the GlobalHAB SSC. For further guidance consult the Chair and/or Vicechair of the GlobalHAB SSC. Date: 1. PROJECT TITLE: Planned duration of activity, from : 2. APPLICANT(S): Name and tit GlobalHAB International Coordi nated Activities Some international coordinated activities listed in the Science and Implementation Plan are being led by the GlobalHAB SSC because their implementation depends on international coordination and funding. The SSC has assumed this responsibility for their Scientists interested in the topic can contact Leonardo Guzmán (leonardo. guzman@ifop.cl) and Henrik Enevoldsen (h.enevoldsen@bio.ku.dk). May 2020 Planning is underway for a workshop on Modelling and prediction of harmful algal blooms, from event response to multi-decadal projections to be held in ISSHAs Corner The International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae (ISSHA) convened the 18th International Conference on Harmful Algae (ICHA 18), held in Nantes, France, from 21th to 26th October 2018. The ISSHA Council had two opportunistic meetings: the first before the conference on Sunday 21 Esther Garcés (Spain) Ian Jenkinson (China, France) Ingrid Sassenhagen (France, Germany) Keith Davidson (United Kingdom) Henrik Enevoldsen (Denmark) Luis Mafra (Brazil) Shauna Murray (Australia) Marta Estrada (Spain) Philipp Hess (France) Ichiro Imai (Japan) Dedmer B. Van de Wall (Netherlands) Steff logic interactions, chemical ecology and microalgal physiology. Marc Long (Best Oral Presentation) Northeast Fisheries Science Center, United States) in Milford Connecticut, studying phytoplankton physiology with Dr. Gary H. Wikfors. The work presented at ICHA2018 was part of his Ph.D. research, r She continued her research in toxicology with a thesis project on the development of new cell models of the intestinal barrier (tri-culture and co-culture with epithelial cells, goblet cells and glial enteric cells), a tool for a best evaluation of toxicity of 6 phycotoxins. This thesis is supervise Anna Godhe - In Memoriam Anna Godhe passed away on April 4th 2019 after a strenuous fight with cancer. Her untimely passing represents a big loss for the scientific community. We all remember her true passion for research, her important contributions to marine phytoplankton ecology and her open mind Forthcoming events ICHA 2020 19th ICHA October 11-16, 2020. La Paz, B.C.S. Mexico Registration will open during 2019. ISSHA members can register at special rates! Participants wishing to receive the ISSHA member rate for conference registration must join ISSHA or renew their memberships prior to t Eds-in-chief Beatriz Reguera, IEO, Vigo, Spain Eilen Bresnan, MARLAB, Marine Scotland Science, UK Regional Editors Caribbean: Ernesto Mancera jemancerap@unal.edu.co Europe: Philip Hess Philipp.Hess@ifremer.fr Mediterranean Sea: Adriana Zingone zingone@szn.it India: K.B. Padmakumar kbpadmakumar@g