can affect the entire structure of a community due to changes in composition due to outcomes of biotic interactions with one species being benefited while another one is harmed. The spatial location of SE10 within an area of potential disturbance driven by urban tributaries alters ecological stoichiometry locally and regionally, since the sites are connected by dispersal [4]. In Camamu Bay the main significant variables explaining the biovolume site-based typologies according to discriminant analysis were salinity and silicate. However, Si:DIN ratio and dissolved oxygen were significant only in 2013, while pH, nitrate and Si:TP were significant only in 2014. While total nitrogen peaked in the first rainy season (6.7μM L-1), it reached higher values in the dry seasons, coincidentally when the highest biovolume of A. sanguinea was detected, contradicting most of the research elsewhere. There was a remarkable decrease in biovolume during the rainy seasons, especially in 2014. Although there was no phosphorus limitation at the sites where high biovolumes predominated (Figure 1, density plots), the decrease in phosphate from 0.7 μM to 0.3 μM L-1 represents an important stoichiometric consequence that could lead to changes in maximum abundance. Nitrogen, on the other hand, was a limiting resource at several sites throughout the second rainy season indicating a strong bottom-up effect, given that DIN:TP and Si:DIN ratios, used to determine nitrogen limitation, were significant variables in explain- ing biovolume variability in both rainy seasons. The environmental variables (Figure 1H) clearly demonstrated the estuarine characteristics of the downstream section of the Serinhaém River, wherein well marked gradients were observed with salinity increasing seaward and nutrient concentrations increasing towards the warm, nutrient-rich upstream sites. The annual mean temperature ranged from 21oC to 25oC and significantly explained biovolume during the second rainy season (discriminant analysis, p = 0.02). Conversely, temperature differed remarkably between the two rainy seasons at SE7 (where biovolume increased inter-annually) with ~27oC in 2013 and ~29oC in 2014. These gradients are important ecological features for understanding both the distribution and development of A. sanguinea blooms in tropical waters, especially due to the lack of causal explanations for them in regions with rainy and dry periods and temperatures above 20oC the entire year, instead of four well-marked seasons as in temperate regions, where most studies have been concentrated. The role of temperature is then more important when considering the current scenario of global climate change, which leads to the hypothesis, through supporting experimental studies, that A. sanguinea may benefit from ongoing climate change or global warming due to increased acidification, temperature and irradiance [5]. The formation of harmful algae blooms by the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea in estuarine waters is considered to be ecosystem disruptive [6,7], demanding conservative attention and management efforts. Continued from page 13 (EO Data Science) for his helpful support with the Google Engine scripts. Authors Felipe Lobo, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), R. Gomes Carneiro,01, Centro Pelotas/ RS, Brazil. of in-situ data for algorithm validation, which could be accomplished with more in-situ chlorophyll data provided by the users and collaborators. Finally, this project represents the state-of-art application of Remote Sensing and Cloud Computing to provide near-real-time algal bloom alerts in the Latin America region, helping governments, institutions, and decision-makers protect and mitigate environmental impacts derived from algae bloom events. References 1. Gorelick N et al2017. Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment 2. Earth Observation Data Science. https://eodatascience.com 3. Mishra S &D Mishra 2012. Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 117, 394-406 4. CETESB, São Paulo State, https://cetesb. sp.gov.br/aguas-interiores/publicacoes-e-relatorios/ Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the Research Support Foundation of the State of Bahia - FAPESB for a scholarship to P.M.B.N. and for funding the sampling campaigns (grant number FAPESB RED0026/2014), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CAPES, for a Ph.D. scholarship. References 1. Margalef R 1978. Oceanologica acta, 1(4), 493-509 2. Chen T et al. 2015. Harmful Algae 46, 62-70 3. Garrett M et al 2011. Mar Pollut Bull, 62, 596-601 4. Noga PMB & DF Gomes DF 2020. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 239, p.106769 5. Ou G et al 2017. Harmful Algae, 68, 118127 6. Hao Y et al 2011. Chinese J Oceanol. Limnol 29(3), 664-673 7. Du X et al 2011. Harmful Algae 10(6), 784-793. Authors Pietro Martins Barbosa Noga & Doriedson Ferreira Gomes, Laboratory of Taxonomy, Ecology and Paleoecology of Aquatic Environments (ECOPALEO), Biology Institute, Federal University of Bahia (IBIO-UFBA), Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brasil. Email corresponding author: pietro.barbosa@ufba.edu.br Gustavo Nagel & Daniel Maciel, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, São José dos Campos/SP, Brazil. Lino Carvalho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rua Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274, Bloco G, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil Email corresponding author: felipe.lobo@ufpel.edu.br Acknowledgements We are grateful to Juan Torres-Batllo HARMFUL ALGAE NEWS NO. 67 / 2021 17 Harmful Algae News An IOC Newsletter on Toxic Algae and Algal Blooms No. 67 - April 2021 www.ioc-unesco.org/hab SHIOHIGARI and PSP toxins in Japan: Initiatives to save traditional recreatio nal clam picking Shiohigari has been enjoyed by people in Japan for centuries, as depicted in the Japanese a Fig. 2 Clamming parks in Osaka Prefecture (Modified from a digital map of The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan) ingly, they had developed the exchange system to secure viability of their operations before 2002 when PST exceeding the regulatory limit were first detected in clams from seas a Fig. 4 System of exchanging clams which secure food safety at Tannowa clamming park (Modified from [3} of visitors to clamming parks has now recovered. This is a success story of how to mitigate socio-economic impact on recreational clamming in Osaka prefecture due to PST. Thanks to the initiatives HABs and the Mixoplankton Paradigm Mixotrophs are defined as organisms that are able to use photo-autotrophy and phagotrophy or osmotrophy to obtain organic nutrients [1]. It is notable that all phototrophic protists are potentially mixotrophic if only through expression of osmotrophy enabled by the Fig. 2. Indication of proportion of IOC-UNESCO HAB species [6] assigned to each of the HAB plankton functional groups according to key in Fig.1 compiled by cross-reference to a database on mixoplankton species. CM, constitutive mixoplankton; pSNCM, plastidic specialist non-constitutive mixoplankton; Fig. 3. Schematics and model simulation outputs run under the traditional paradigm (left) versus the mixoplankton paradigm (right). See text for explanation. B bacteria; Phyto phytoplankton (non-phagotrophic phototroph); μZ protozooplankton; CM constitutive mixoplankton (photophago-trophic); DIM Tiny cells with a big impact: An unexpected bloom in the mid-Atlantic Fig. 1. a) Bongo nets fouled with the brown mucilaginous plankton. b) Dark and gelatinous content of the plankton nets scraped into a sample tray. Since 1992, the US NOAA Ecosystem Monitoring (EcoMon) cruises survey the Northeas Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs of frustules in valve view of Thalassiosira mala. Note the single eccentric strutted process (black arrow), the ring of marginal strutted processes (arrowheads) and the single labiate process (white arrow) located within the ring of marginal strutted processes s Acknowledgements We are grateful to Kyle Turner for helpful discussions regarding the fall 2018 EcoMon cruise and to Dr. Irene Andreu for SEM assistance. Dr. Paul E. Hargraves provided some insights on diatom taxonomy. We acknowledge the dedication of the crew of the R/V Sharp during a particularly First report of an Ansanella granifera bloom in Cuban waters, Caribbean region Fig. 1. Map of the study area showing the location where the dinoflagellate bloom o ccurred in southeastern Cuba. Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) have been associated with fish and shellfish kills, ecosystem damage, human Fig. 3. Light microscopy images of fixed cells of Ansanella granifera. 4). Ansanella granifera is a dinoflagellate belonging to the family Suessiaceae (order Suessiales) that was recently described from Korea [5]. To our knowledge, the occurrence in waters from southeastern Cuba represents the firs Dolichospermum spiroides blooms in a man-made lake in Sarawak, Borneo pond in Serian, Sarawak, and co-existed with a Microcystis bloom. However, the species and cell density for both genera were not recorded [3]. This is the first documented report of D. spiroides in Sarawak waters. The occurrence An online platform (GEE App) for Trophic State Index monitoring of inland waters in Latin America Fig. 1. a) The dark gray region shows the Paraná River Basin in Brazil; b) Water masses within Paraná River Basin palette according to the Chl-a concentration average for 2020. The red rectangle indica Remote sensing of recurrent cyano HABs in Patos Lagoon, Brazil Fig. 1. Map of Patos Lagoon (southernmost part of Brazil) taken from [7]. Black circles indicate the four sites chosen forNDCI values retrieval [4]. Every austral summer, dense surface growth and accumulations of cyanobacteria threaten ation promoting the prevalence and duration of cyanoHABs. More detailed information will be published soon adding modeling tools to locate dominant cyanoHAB accumulation sites within the PL, and their potential exportation to the ocean. Future studies are needed to discriminate between local effects Blooms of Akashiwo sanguinea (Dinophyceae) in a tropical estuary in northeastern Brazil We report an inter-annual bloom of the unarmored dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea in a pristine estuary (Figure 1F) in Brazil. The estuarine section of the Serinhaém River, Camamu Bay is a species-rich ecosystem can affect the entire structure of a community due to changes in composition due to outcomes of biotic interactions with one species being benefited while another one is harmed. The spatial location of SE10 within an area of potential disturbance driven by urban tributaries alters ecological stoichi Can artisan fishermen help to prevent HABs intoxication? A science communi cation project in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of the main harmful microalgae genera in Brazilian coastal waters. These genera may induce different poisoning syndromes: amnesic shellfish poisoning ( Authors Raquel AF Neves, Júlia Torres, Nathália Rodrigues & Clarissa Naveira, Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity (PPGBIO), Research Group in Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur 458-307 Rio de Janeiro- RJ, CEP The VIII Workshop the Group HarmAlfonso Vidal (Colombia). Their of dediconsider it urgent to finalize The VIIIofWorkshop of the Group Harmful Algal Blooms the Caribbean (ANCA) of a regional ful AlgalIOCARIBE Blooms of (Intergovernmental the Caribbean catedOceanographic work contributedCommission sig Aotearoa/New Zealand Japan collaboration strengthened through HAB research at Cawthron Institute the 16th Young Researchers Award from the Japanese Society of Phycology for his research on harmful algae in Japan. Acknowledgements The collaboration between New Zealand and Japan has been continued ANNOUNCEMENT: The International Phytoplankton Intercalibration The International Phytoplankton Intercalibration (IPI) Proficiency Testing scheme in abundance and composition of marine microalgae programme 2021 is now open for registration for 2021 through www.iphyi.org. The schedule for 2021 and all The 19th International Conference on Harmful Algae 2021 (ICHA2021) is going virtual! We appreciate the responses that many of you provided in the recent survey which indicated that 85% of respondents will participate in a virtual meeting. The abstract submission deadline is 9 April 2021. Details on In memoriam Maria Esther Angélica Meave del Castillo (1960-2020) María Esther Meave (who also received the nickname Teté or Tey by many of her friends) was born in Mexico city, Mexico (September 5th, 1960) and passed away on December 6th, 2020, after contracting COVID-19. She earned her Master and Leif Bolding, graphic designer and webmaster at the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, has been an unsung hero of Harmful Algae News. Working behind the scenes since 2000 as responsible for the layout of each issue. Leif retires at the end of April 2021. He will have plenty of