Fig. 3. Pseudo-nitzschia seriata TEM micrograph of the poroid structure arranged within the striae consisting of two outer rows of larger poroids and one or two inner rows of smaller poroids. induce DA production in P. australis [7], and the most potent DA-inducing N form has been shown to be urea. It is very likely that urea and/or nitrate affected the DA production in P. seriata. Studies on P. australis show that urea is highly potent and induces the production of DA at least 4-fold compared to nitrate and ammonium treatments. Ammonium doubled the production of DA compared to the control (normal sea levels of nutrients)[7]. Our observations support the hypothesis that high N levels induce DA production in PN. An increase in landbased runoff of N (especially in the form of urea) may increase the frequency and toxicity of toxic blooms. Therefore strict limits of fertilizer usage and spills may be important to avoid washout and runoff of N, potentially causing algal blooms, damaging the environment and mussel harvesting industries. Acknowledgements We are grateful to Helene Munk Sørensen (Ministry of Environment and Food) for her thorough support and steadfast belief in the use of monitoring data. Fig. 4. TEM micrograph of a mixed water sample from the bloom, resembling a culture sample. tons. The silo contained 9500 tons at the time of the breakdown and thereby passed its maximum capacity by 500 tons [3]. The adjacent areas and especially the waters immediately outside the harbour were heavily affected by the extensive amounts of nitrogen. The discharge consisted of N32 and N16 fertilizer liquids, which is predominantly urea. Organic nitrogen in the form of urea is (as inorganic nitrogen) 100 % bioavailable [4]. The organic molecule in urea is easily separated from the rest by the enzyme urease, splitting ammonium from bicarbonate [5] [6]. Monitoring data showed peaks in nitrate levels immediately after the outlet, revealing more than double the average amount of available nitrate for the area. Phosphorus levels were not increased. In Denmark, the major part of nitrogen runoff from land happens from October till January. During this period 14 algal growth is limited by light rather than nutrients. From February and further into the summer period, algal growth is controlled mostly by nutrients. The usual pattern is depletion of phosphorous followed by nitrogen depletion. In spring 2016 in Little Belt (between Jutland and Funen) the discharge of 4000 tons of readily available nitrogen must inarguably have affected the ecosystem in the area. The general concentrations of planktonic algae were unusually high in the following month (data not shown here). Available nitrogen was possibly crucial for P. seriata to overtake the diatom community for a period of time and additionally producing the high amounts of DA vectoring up the food web. Nitrogen repletion has been shown to induce toxin production in other PN species. Different forms of nitrogen can References 1. Lundholm N et al 2005. I M S Newsletter 29: 8-10 2. Lundholm N & S Harðardóttir 2017. HAN 56: 4-5 3. Kudsk CE et al 2017. Technical Report. Technological Institute. 4. Markager S 2016. Technical Report. Aarhus University and Fredericia Municipality. 5. Tinoco Jr I et al 2002. Physical Chemistry. Principles and Applications in Biological Sciences. 4th Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education International. 6. Bradley PBM. et al 2010. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 88: 429- 441. 7. Howard MDA et al 2007. Harmful Algae 6: 206217. Authors Anna Olesen & Nina Lundholm, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Sara Hardardottir, The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Denmark Maren Moltke Lyngsgaard, Orbicon, Denmark Per Andersen, Niras, Denmark Corresponding author: wlx447@alumni.ku.dk HARMFUL ALGAE NEWS NO. 60 / 2018 Harmful Algae News An IOC Newsletter on Toxic Algae and Algal Blooms No. 60 - July 2018 www.ioc-unesco.org/hab Marine eukaryote and HAB monitoring in Japan with next generation technology Sequencing technologies such as Illumina MiSeq have made it possible to obtain billions of sequence reads in a Frequency distribution (%) the surface data was used in this study. Surface seawater (0.5 L) was collected weekly with a plastic bucket during the same period. For MPS-based monitoring based on amplicon-seq of 18S-rRNA gene (V79 region), PCR amplification and 454 pyrosequencing were performed accor Inland Sea, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-045, Japan Hiroshi Shimada, Central Fisheries Research Institute of Hokkaido Research Organization, Hamanaka-cho 238, Yoichi, Hokkaido 0468555, Japan Seiji Katakura, City of Mombetsu, Kaiyo-koryukan, Kaiyo-koen, Mombetsu, Hokkaido 094-0031, Jap Quantifying dinoflagellate cysts in bottom sediments: a response to Anderson 2018 Problems associated with quantifying dinoflagellate cysts in bottom sediments featured prominently in Don Anderson s personal retrospective view of his contribution to the early days of HAB cyst research published rece viously, sample sites should be chosen to avoid such areas if possible. Clearly, there is room for questions or criticism when this dynamic system is modelled from the assumption that bottom sediments, for example in Anderson s work in The Gulf of Maine, are in a static stable condition whereby a sa Contribution of marine invertebrates to Ciguatera poisoning : the case study of French Polynesia Reported as early as the 15th century by explorers, ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is the most prominent non-bacterial seafood poisoning worldwide. Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, CFP res au développement du phytoplancton ciguatérigène en Polynésie française: CARISTO-Pf n7937/MSR/REC of 4th of December 2015 and Arrêté nHC/491/ DIE/BPT of 30th March 2016). Figure 2. Comparison of Pacific ciguatoxins (P-CTXs) profiles in A) in vitro cultures of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (TB-92 [14]) Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) technology for field monitoring of Gambierdiscus toxins with passive samplers Ciguatera poisoning is a seafood intoxication classically associated with the consumption of tropical coral reef fish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs), although some marine Fig. 2. Summary of the results demonstrating that SPATT passive sampling could advantageously contribute to the reinforcement of ciguateric risk assessment and management programmes as a supplementary tool. or of very low densities of toxic Gambierdiscus cells. However, CTXs were detected in numero New limits of Ostreopsis distribution in the Bay of Biscay: a first report of Ostreopsis in Santander Bay, Cantabria (Northern Spain) Fig. 1. Location of sampling sites The genus Ostreopsis encompasses benthic dinoflagellates that represent one of the main microalgal threats for beach tourism in w Bloom of Ostreopsis cf. siamensis in Lisbon Bay Fig. 1. Sampling sites on Lisbon Bay Reports of benthic HAB events have increased during the last decade in temperate regions. These have been associated with proliferations of benthic toxic dinoflagellates, in particular species of Ostreopsis. The M Table1 1- List - List the macroalgaecommunity communityspecies species Table ofof the macroalgae ITSA and ITSB primers [6]. Phylogenetic analysis (not Asparagopsis armata Corallina sp. shown) revealed that all the Caulacanthus ustulatus Cystoseira sp. studied sequences grouped Ceramiacea Derbesia s A possible link between the breakdown of a fertilizer tank and a toxic Pseudonitzschia bloom fishery, leaving toxic blooms undetected in other areas. By the time of the bloom, the diatom community primarily consisted of P. seriata (Fig. 3). Identification of P. seriata as the potential culprit diat Fig. 3. Pseudo-nitzschia seriata TEM micrograph of the poroid structure arranged within the striae consisting of two outer rows of larger poroids and one or two inner rows of smaller poroids. induce DA production in P. australis [7], and the most potent DA-inducing N form has been shown to be urea. Golden alga Prymnesium parvum Carter bloom off Azhikode, southwest India In September 2009, during the southwest monsoon season, a quasi-monospecific bloom of Prymnesium parvum was collected off Azhikode (10o 11 02 N; 76o 09 22 E), on the southwest coast of India (Fig. 1). A conspicuous pale browni Regional Workshop on Monitoring and Management Strategies for Benthic HABs if possible, establish tools for standardized procedures. The exercise is open to the entire international community. The goal of achieving improved assessments of the risks associated with BHABs will help reduce the health, Workshop on morpho-molecular methods for the study of dinoflagellate cysts A workshop on techniques for the morphological and molecular identification of cysts from toxic HAB species, led by Drs Kenneth Neil Mertens, Kirsty Smith, Lesley Rhodes and Lincoln MacKenzie, was held recently at the Cawthro Cawthron Summer Scholar Explores Bloom-Forming Freshwater Cyano bacteria Globally, cyanobacteria blooms in freshwater environments are causing water quality problems and health risks with increasing frequency. New Zealand is no stranger to this, suffering from blooms of toxin-producing cyanobacteria Canadian HAB Scientists Hold Workshop to Establish National Priorities and Develop Research Network A National Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) workshop was organized and chaired by Dr. Ian Perry at the Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS), Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Sidney, British Columbia, July 11- Joint FAO, IAEA, IOC and WHO Technical Meeting for the development of an InterAgency Global Ciguatera Strategy Harmful Algae News has previously brought information on an initiative between the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Environment Laboratories in Monaco jointly with the Oceanographi 12th Advanced Phytoplankton Course - APC 12 Identification, Taxonomy, Systematics Roscoff Biological Station (France) - 19th May to 8th June 2019 APC12 is organized by the Station Biologique de Roscoff together with the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn and the IOC Science and Communication Centre on H ICHA 2018 News: 669 abstracts evaluated ! 250 orals + 45 ignite talks selected and participants notified ICHA 2018 News: 669 abstracts evaluated ! 9 plenaries confirmed 250 orals + 45 ignite talks selected and participants notified 3 satellite sessions 9 plenaries confirmed 3 satellite sessions